Disease outbreaks are driven by weak systems, not borders – Prof Kenu 

He said disease smuggling was the silent movement of pathogens through unsafe water, poor sanitation, weak surveillance systems, delayed diagnosis and inadequate infection prevention measures.

Prof Kenu called for renewed investment in water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, regulation of food vendors, strengthened infection prevention measures in health facilities and greater community participation in disease surveillance.

Prof Kenu said investigations into previous cholera outbreaks consistently pointed to poor sanitation, contaminated water sources and inadequate infection prevention practices as major drivers.