Introduction Male infertility is a growing concern in Ghana, with a significant number of men producing semen that lacks sperm (azoospermia) or contains sperm with low motility (asthenozoospermia).
These conditions contribute to the rising infertility rates in the country, affecting family planning and societal well-being.
Observations Recent studies and clinical observations indicate that a considerable percentage of Ghanaian men face challenges related to sperm production and quality.
Factors such as lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and underlying health conditions play a crucial role in these infertility issues (Agarwal et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2020). 1.